Interview Question in electronic circuit |
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digital circuit, digital circuit design, digital integrated circuit, digital circuit logic, digital electronic circuits, digital circuit simulation, digital clock circuits, digital circuit detective, digital circuit testing, adder digital circuit, digital vlsi circuits, digital inverter circuit, digital design, digital logic, digital level, digital cmos, logic circuit, digital ic, digital ttl, digital layout, digital schematic, gate circuit, tutorial circuit, digital inputs, digital switching, digital multiplexer, digital circuitry, digital vlsi
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There is a relationship between power P, voltage V and current I. This relationship is best summarised by this formula:
P=IV.
Current is something else entirely. It is the rate at which electrical charge flows. The standard unit for charge is the Coulomb, and the standard unit for current is the Ampere.
Voltage is the “push” that excites the electrons in a conductor and makes them flow (as current). Voltage is measured in volts and can be thought of as the potential for charge to do work.
power, electric, energy dissipated in an electrical or electronic circuit or device per unit of time. The electrical energy supplied by a current to an appliance enables it to do work or provide some other form of energy such as light or heat. Electric power is usually measured in Watts
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stuff like KVL, KCL, voltage dividers, currents dividers, etc. im looking for one that actually 'expains' wat is going on...many thanks
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Made VTs obsolete in most applications save for such things as x-ray generators, cathode ray tubes( mostly on the way out), high power radio transmission, certain uses involving microwaves (including most readily available ovens), and audio frequency power amplifiers for a certain class of audiophiles.
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I need a simple remote control circuit just for turning on and off a LED. In fact, I have searched for appropriate ICs but since I am new in electronic circuit design, I only found some 5-functions transmitter and receiver ICs. So, can anyone give me some directions?
Thanks a lot.
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How do metals become a superconductor?
What are the benefits of:
loss-free power transmission
and
super-fast electronic circuits
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Also,
what are the benefits of super-fast electronic circuits
and powerful electromagnets.
And,
what are the drawbacks of superconductors?
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MY Circuit is: lamp , relay ,(IC:op-amp LM385) and push bottom and wanted to make lamp lights(ON) after i push the push bottom and after 5secnod the lamp off automatically the circuit simillar to the effect of the timer (IC 555 ) circuit
i install my project on breadboard (nonsoldered board) but it is not work
how can i troubleshooting the problem in this circuit?
help me by giving me methods of tests or wesites of troubleshooting or learn video to install it again from begin or a pdf book to install the circuit from the start step by step
please help me quickly i need the circuit work in agood condition
thaxn
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Virtual ground (sometimes called virtual earth) is an important concept found in electronic circuit designs. It identifies a point in a circuit as being held close to the circuit's ground or reference level electric potential. Creation of a virtual ground is due to the actions or effects of the parts in the circuit. It is called virtual since this point does not have any real electrical connection to ground. The reference may or may not be the same as the local utility ground or earth.
Overview:
The virtual ground concept aids circuit analysis in operational amplifier and other circuits and provides useful practical circuit effects that would be difficult to achieve in other ways. An ideal virtual ground would be able to source/sink an infinite amount of current. In practice, the sourcing/sinking capability is determined by the other circuit impedances and the amplifier used.
How to create a virtual ground point:
Since an operational amplifier has very high open loop gain, in negative feedback circuits the amplifier acts automatically to make the potential difference between its inputs tend to zero. Consider the simple inverting configuration below. If the non-inverting (+) input of the operational amplifier is grounded, then its inverting (-) input, although not connected to ground, will assume a similar potential, becoming a virtual ground.
Virtual ground used as a summing point:
A virtual ground presents a very low impedance to any signal connected to it and it therefore provides the perfect type of input for current type signal sources. It can therefore be used to sum input signals using an op-amp as shown below. It also provides isolation of the input signals.
In electrical distribution networks:
Three-phase electrical "Y" (or star) circuits are said to have a virtual ground node when their sources and loads are balanced respectively. The virtual ground in this case exists at the star point.
Source(s):
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/virtual_gro...
For more pl. visit:
http://tangentsoft.net/elec/vgrounds.htm...
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What are the 2 main source of noise? and how could each be handled?
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My group has got a project to do.. It's about integrated electronic circuit with op-amp.. We decided to build a simple guitar fuzz effect (links below), we submit our proposal, but they said it's too simple.. What minor change should I do to this effect? Because I've already get it done (female jack input and male jack output added)
http://aaroncake.net/circuits/fuzz.asp
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(m)
A monolithic integrated circuit (also known as IC, microchip, silicon chip, computer chip or chip) is a miniaturized electronic circuit (consisting mainly of semiconductor devices, as well as passive components) which has been manufactured in the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material.
A hybrid integrated circuit is a miniaturized electronic circuit constructed of individual semiconductor devices, as well as passive components, bonded to a substrate or circuit board
Among the most advanced integrated circuits are the microprocessors, which control everything from computers to cellular phones to digital microwave ovens. Digital memory chips are another family of integrated circuit that is crucially important to the modern information society. While the cost of designing and developing a complex integrated circuit is quite high, when spread across typically millions of production units the individual IC cost is minimized. The performance of ICs is high because the small size allows short traces which in turn allows low power logic (such as CMOS) to be used at fast switching speeds.
ICs have consistently migrated to smaller feature sizes over the years, allowing more circuitry to be packed on each chip - see Moore's law. As the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves - the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up. However, IC's with nanometer-scale devices are not without their problems, principal among which is leakage current (see subthreshold leakage and MOSFET for a discussion of this), although these problems are not insurmountable and will likely be solved or at least ameliorated by the introduction of high-k dielectrics. Since these speed and power consumption gains are apparent to the end user, there is fierce competition among the manufacturers to use finer geometries. This process, and the expected progress over the next few years, is well described by the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, or ITRS.
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Recently, I have taken a liking to building simple electronic circuits using component parts (resistors, capacitors, transistors, IC's, diodes, etc.) and such found at Radio Shack. I have, however, become more skillful, and have moved on to more complex circuits. I am not able to find a lot of the parts that I need (more specifically, a lot of the IC (Integrated Circuits) and similar parts) at Radio Shack. What I am asking is basically this: Does anyone know any online stores where I can buy these types of parts, preferably at a cheap price?
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Hey here you go there are two methods of doing it :
1. Doing it on an ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit)
this is like you have an idea which you formulate into core electronic circuits like suppose you have a NAND gate IC you want to make you have to actually realize it by use of transistors
(Core of any IC got to be transistor exceptions are resistors and inductors these have to be take seperately small capacitances are managable via semiconductor). Now which looks like the one in the figure
http://www.ibiblio.org/kuphaldt/electric...
so when you have such a layout level design you take it to the fabrication units. Mind you the power management issues are real important as ASIC is costly you cannot compromise on your layout level designs. Then they give you an IC.
How is an IC made:
They take Silicon (derived from SiO2 sand come on) and then clean it with acids. These are done at very highly clean environments and you can't afford the tiniest of contamination there as it can damage the entire product. Now do you know that a transistor is made of sandwitching Ntype and Ptype semiconducting materials. so NPN and PNP. I hope you know what transistors are and stuff. After taking a bare silicon disk i was speaking of silicon isolation right from there i get these disks. So one of those disks are taken and they are subjected to an electron gun (more technically an ion ray machine) and then dope it to a particular material say p or ntye by taking boron and phosphorous and hence obtain these p type materials or the other. I assume you know what a mosfet is(its a transistor type). The disk (mostly Ptype) is taken and is cleaned with acids after that they deposit silicon dioxide on places they don't want the next level of ion deposition to happen(yes it repeats) this deposition is done crudely first and then there is this method called PHOTO LITHOGRAPHY whch more or less is like cuttng off the sio2 at unwanted layers and then this disk is sent again for ion ray shooting and then we get a IC (partial one) after this they fill it with aluminium studs for the connectivity and then this is packaged into plastic packaging and soon we get an IC.
Here too as my friend suggested the top layer design is done in VHDL or VERILOG and the engineers work hard to get them down to these transistor layer designs. There are lots of tools which assist in design part etc.,
2. Method as my friend suggested is by use of FPGAs which will not result in an IC but does result in a solution that is cheap initially we actually compromise on speed power area and reliability but on bulk production first method is cheaper. Other such devices are PLAs PALs and CPLDS CPLD and FPGAs are popular due to thier logic sizes and FPGA is the best among the two. Funny part is FPGAs are also from ASIC manifacturing but have programmability allowance. Its like cousin of Microcontrollers and processors but the only difference is these are concurrent devices not sequential.
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anybody have the answers for exam #00290201? I really could use the help ... thanks a bunch.
1. Look at the circuit illustrated in Figure A-1. Assume that the values of R1 and R2 are equal. If you connect your meter's test probes to points A and B in the circuit, which of the following voltages would you measure?
A. 9 V
B. 6 V
C. 3 V
D. 0 V
2. In the circuit shown in Figure A-1, where would you connect your meter's test probes to measure the full battery voltage?
A. To points D and E, or to points B and E
B. To points A and C only
C. To points D and E, or to points A and C
D. To points B and E only
3. In the circuit shown in Figure A-1, suppose that the value of R1 is 100 kW and the value of R2 is 470 kW. At which of the following locations in the circuit would you measure the highest voltage with your meter?
A. Between points A and C
B. Between points A and B
C. Between points B and C
D. Between points B and E
4. In the circuit shown in Figure A-1, suppose that the value of R1 is 500 kW. In order to obtain a multimeter reading of 1 V between points B and C in the circuit, the value of R2 would have to be
A. 10 kW.
B. 100 kW.
C. 1,000 kW.
D. 10,000 kW.
5. Imagine that you've properly connected your multimeter into an operating circuit, and the meter's function/range switch is set to read DC voltage in the 20 V range. The meter displays a "1" in the most significant digit position. This indicates that
A. the meter measured a voltage of 1 V at the point under test.
B. the power to the circuit is turned off.
C. the voltage at the point under test is greater than 20 V.
D. the function/range switch should be set to the next lowest range.
6. Silver has the highest conductivity rating of any common metal. Which of the following correctly ranks metals in decreasing levels of conductivity?
A. Silver, zinc, gold, platinum
B. Silver, copper, aluminum, lead
C. Silver, gold, nickel, mercury
D. Silver, copper, gold, aluminum
FIGURE A-2—Use this illustration to answer Questions 7, 8, 9, and 10.
7. Look at the circuit shown in Figure A-2. Switch S1 is open as shown, and R1 and R2 each have a value of 100 kW. If you connect your meter's test probes to points A and B in the circuit, what voltage would you measure?
A. 9 V
B. 6 V
C. 3 V
D. 0 V
8. For the circuit shown in Figure A-2, the correct procedure for measuring the resistance value of R1 is to
A. connect the multimeter between points C and D and measure the resistance with switch S1 open.
B. connect the multimeter between points C and D and measure the resistance with switch S1 closed.
C. connect the multimeter between points D and A and measure the resistance with switch S1 open.
D. connect the multimeter between points D and A and measure the resistance with switch S1 closed.
9. You're using your meter to make voltage measurements in the circuit shown in Figure A-2. Your meter is connected between points A and C, and you're getting a reading of 6 V on the display. What can you conclude from this reading?
A. Switch S1 is open.
B. Resistor R2 has a resistance value that's twice the value of either R1.
C. Switch S1 is closed.
D. Resistors R1 and R2 have equal resistance values.
10. In the circuit shown in Figure A-2 where R1 and R2 have equal resistance values, when switch S1 is closed, what voltage would you measure across R2 with your meter?
A. 0 V
B. 1 V
C. 3 V
D. 6 V
11. What important safety precaution must be observed when measuring resistance in an electronic circuit?
A. All power to the component under test must be disconnected.
B. The meter's highest resistance range setting should be used until the actual value is determined.
C. The black test lead must be connected to the chassis ground.
D. The red test lead must be at the most positive point in the circuit.
FIGURE A-3
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Can anybody help me finding an electronic circuit for converting 6 volts DC input to 10 volts DC output. You may give the circuit diagram or refer any website to get it directly from. The current limit at input is 1.2 Amp.
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Can you tell me, how can I convert the 12 Volt DC from a storage battery to 12 Volts AC ?
Any specific mechanical idea or electrical/ electronic circuit ?
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Its for a trailer hitch and I Need to build three at a reasonable price
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I need a circuit that will give me atleast 0.5ms of delay for another electronic circuit tht gives an output of 5V dc max.... (the circuit gives a DC o/p). Plz suggest a few circuit diagrams/ links to construct the delay circuit.....
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plz name the electronic circuit components used in electronic circuits....
and the power supply needed to them
that means whether AC od dc
thnx
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